1.1.4.2. Livestock Watering

GUIDE TO WATER CONSERVATION

1.1.4.2. Livestock Watering

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1.1. CATEGORIES OF WATER USE

GUIDE TO WATER CONSERVATION

1.1. Categories of Water Use

Water is used in almost every aspect of life.  Table 1.1-A summarizes the amounts of water used for various purposes in the United States.

Table 1.1-A.  Uses of Fresh Water (1)

Category	Freshwater Draws MGD	Percent of Freshwater Draws	Consumptive Uses MGD	Percent of Consumptive Uses
Irrigation	137,000	40	76,200	81
Thermoelectric Generation	131,000	39	3,500	4
Industrial & Mining	27,800	8.2	4,500	5
Domestic	25,300	7.5	5,900	6
Commercial	8,300	2.4	900	1
Public Uses & Losses	5,500	1.6	Not quantified as a consumptive use
Livestock	4,500	1.3	3000	30

(1) Solley, W. B., Pierce, R. R., & Perlman, H. A. (1993).  Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1990.  U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) Circular 1081.  Washington, DC: USGS.

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Iowa: EPA Threatens Wastewater Enforcement Takeover

The Des Moines Register reported that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has threated to take over Clean Water Act enforcement from the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR).  EPA’s concerns, prompted by environmental groups, is that IDNR does not adequately enforce wastewater regulations related to livestock operations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Revised 8/7/2012

GUIDE TO WATER CONSERVATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Chapter 1: Background

 Section 1: Uses of Water

  1.1. Categories of Water Use

   1.1.1. Public Water Supply

   1.1.2. Self-Supplied Domestic

   1.1.3. Irrigation

   1.1.4. Livestock

   1.1.5. Aquaculture

   1.1.6. Industrial

   1.1.7. Mining

   1.1.8. Thermoelectric Generation

  1.2. Trends in Water Use

   1.2.1. Virtual Water

   1.2.2. Environmental Uses of Water

 Section 2: Consequences of Waste

   2.1. Flow

   2.2. Dams and Reservoirs

   2.3. Irrigation

    2.3.1. Agriculture

    2.3.2. Landscape

  2.4. On-Site Wastewater Disposal

  2.5. Salinity Intrusion

  2.6. Habitat Loss

 Section 3: Benefits of Conservation

Chapter 2: Conservation Practices

 Section 4: Residential Conservation Practices

  4.1. Plumbing

   4.1.1. Fixtures

  4.2. Retrofit

  4.3. Behavior

 Section 5: Industrial and Commercial Conservation Practices

  5.1. Cooling

  5.2. Rinsing and Cleaning

  5.3. Behavior

 Section 6: Conservation Practices in Irrigation

  6.1. Agriculture

  6.2. Landscape

   6.2.1. Irrigation Controllers

   6.2.2. Irrigation Scheduling

   6.2.3. Horticultural Practices and Xeriscaping

 Section 7: Conservation Practices in Water Systems

  7.1. Technical and Operational Conservation Practices

   7.1.1. Metering

   7.1.2. Leak Detection and Repair

   7.1.3. Rehabilitation

   7.1.4. Well Capping

   7.1.5. Reduce Water Pressure

   7.1.6. Automated Sensors and Telemetry

   7.1.7. Loss-Prevention Program

  7.2. Management and Policy Conservation Practices

   7.2.1. Water Audits

    7.2.1.1. Residential Water Audits

    7.2.1.2. Commercial Water Audits

    7.2.1.3. Landscape Water Audits

   7.2.2. Retrofit Programs

    7.2.2.1. Tankless Water Heaters

   7.2.3. Building and Plumbing Codes

   7.2.4. Water Use Restrictions

   7.2.5. Zoning

   7.2.6. Public Education

   7.2.7. Analysis of Nonaccount Water

 Section 8: Reuse

  8.1. Industrial Reuse

  8.2. Reuse for Irrigation

  8.3. Reuse in Water Systems

   8.3.1. Indirect Potable Reuse

  8.4. Other Reuse

Chapter 3: Economics and Finance of Water Conservation

 Section 9: Economic Considerations

  9.1. Cost Effectiveness

  9.2. Cost-Benefit Analysis

   9.2.1. Methods

    9.2.1.1. Forecasting Demand

    9.2.1.2. Accounting for Externalities

 Section 10: Financial Considerations

  10.1. Revenues

   10.1.1. Water Rates

    10.1.1.1. Implementation of Rates

  10.2. Financial Assistance

   10.2.1. State Revolving Funds

    10.2.1.1. Drinking Water State Revolving Fund

    10.2.1.2. Clean Water State Revolving Fund

   10.2.2. Rural Utility Service

    10.2.2.1. Water Efficiency Program

Chapter 4: Program Development and Implementation

 Section 11: Planning and Development

 Section 12: Implementation

  12.1. Outreach

  12.2. Financial Incentives

Chapter 5: Other Issues

 Section 13: Total Water Management

 Section 14: Social Issues

 Section 15: Drought Management and Climate Issues

 Section 16: Legal Issues

 Section 17: Political Issues

Appendices

 Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations

 Appendix 2: Water Conservation Organizations

Biblography