Tuesday, August 7, 2012

4.1.1. FIXTURES


GUIDE TO WATER CONSERVATION

4.1.1. Fixtures

Plumbing fixtures that use less water have been a solution for water conservation for decades, and some have become standards.  When Washington, DC, was one of the first to require low-flow toilets, 3.5 gpf was considered low flow (1).

Toilet have traditionally been a target for replacement because of the low flows associated with flushing.  Even though low-flow (1.6 gpf) toilets have been the standard for some time, some places may still have older toilets and new technologies, such as dual-flush toilets that permit the user to select from two flush volumes depending on need, may lead to continued opportunities for improvements.  A program began in 1992 to replace toilets in public buildings in San Diego, CA, was estimate to reduce water use by 8.5 MG/yr by the end of a decade.

(1) Maddaus, W. O. (1990).  Integrating water conservation into total water management.  Journal AWWA.  82(_): 12-13.

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